He believed that associative reasoning takes stimuli and divides it into logical clusters of information based on statistical regularity. Steven Sloman produced another interpretation on dual processing in 1996. This route occurs when an individual's motivation or ability are low. The second route is known as the peripheral route and this takes place when a person is not thinking carefully about a situation and uses shortcuts to make judgments. This route occurs when an individual's motivation and ability are high. The first route is known as the central route and this takes place when a person is thinking carefully about a situation, elaborating on the information they are given, and creating an argument. In their theory, there are two different routes to persuasion in making decisions. Their theory is called the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Petty and John Cacioppo proposed a dual process theory focused in the field of social psychology in 1986. During analytic processes, the relevant information that is chosen during the heuristic processes is then used to make judgments about the situation. Following the heuristic processes come analytic processes. Relevant information is then processed further whereas irrelevant information is not. He suggested that during heuristic processes, an individual chooses which information is relevant to the current situation. In Evans' later theory, there are two distinct types of processes: heuristic processes and analytic processes. Peter Wason and Jonathan Evans suggested dual process theory in 1974. The following just show a glimpse into the variety that can be found. Whether the focus be on social psychology or cognitive psychology, there are many examples of dual process theories produced throughout the past. In cognitive psychology, attention and working memory have also been conceptualized as relying on two distinct processes. According to these models, persuasion may occur after either intense scrutiny or extremely superficial thinking. Examples include Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model (explained below) and Chaiken's heuristic systematic model. Dual process models are very common in the study of social psychological variables, such as attitude change. There are various dual process theories that were produced after William James's work. James believed that true reasoning could enable overcoming вЂњunprecedented situationsвЂќ just as a map could enable navigating past obstacles. He claimed that associative knowledge was only from past experiences describing it as 'only reproductive'. For James, images and thoughts would come to mind of past experiences, providing ideas of comparison or abstractions. James theorized that empirical thought was used for things like art and design work. He believed that there were two different kinds of thinking: associative and true reasoning. The foundations of dual process theory likely comes from William James. 4.7 Issues with the dual-process account of reasoning.3.4 Dual process and steering cognition.3.2 Terror management theory and the dual process model.

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